Observations on the Biology and Geology of Anchialine Caves

Thomas M. Iliffe Bermuda Biological Station for Research Ferry Reach GE 01, Bermuda Significant biological and geological discoveries have resulted from the use of specialized cave diving techniques for the exploration and study of anchialine caves. Many new and higher taxa of troglobitic organisms have been found, some of which are relic "living fossils". Marine troglobites have at least three possible origins: (1) localized cave colonizations with dispersal by ocean currents, (2) Tethyan origin with dispersal by sea floor spreading and continental drift, and (3) deep sea origin, possibly in association with deep water caves. Geological phenomena of interest in anchialine limestone and volcanic caves include submerged stalactites and stalagmites, cave morphology, mineralogy, and sediments.